This interview section focuses on identifying the key limitations that restrict overall computer system performance and the strategies required to overcome them.

Although computing systems have rapidly advanced in recent years, they continue to rely on the traditional Von Neumann architecture, which introduces a fundamental performance bottleneck—specifically, the I/O constraint.

Professor Liu emphasizes that achieving high-performance computing requires prioritizing the resolution of critical bottlenecks before pursuing broader, system-wide optimization and balance. Only by removing these structural limitations can the full potential of modern computing systems be effectively realized.